[372] Since the 2010s policies against Christianity have been extended also to Hong Kong. cvtemplates.14mag.co. [175], Chinese concepts of religion differ from concepts in Judaism and Christianity, says scholar Julia Ching, which were "religions of the fathers", that is, patriarchal religions, whereas Chinese religion was not only "a patriarchal religion but also an ancestral religion". Worship is devoted to gods and immortals (shén and xiān), who may be founders of human groups and lineages, deities of stars, earthly phenomena, and of human behaviour.[234]. The Big Dipper or Great Chariot in Chinese culture (as in other traditional cultures) is a symbol of the, The White Sulde (White Spirit) is one of the two spirits of Genghis Khan (the other being the Black Sulde), represented either as his white or yellow horse or as a fierce warrior riding this horse.
[133], The China Family Panel Studies' findings for 2012 shew that Buddhists tended to be younger and better educated, while Christians were older and more likely to be illiterate. [208] The shén 神, as explained in the Shuowen Jiezi, "are the spirits of Heaven. Archeological remains of Hindu temples and typical Hindu icons have been found in coastal cities of China and in Dali, Yunnan. [385] In 1120, a rebellion led by Fang La was believed to have been caused by Manichaeans, and widespread crackdown of unauthorised religious assemblies took place. [379]:135 In the last decades there has been a growth of modern, transnational forms of Hinduism in China: Yogic ("Yoga" is rendered as 瑜伽 Yújiā, literally the "Jade Maiden"), Tantric,[86]:3 and Krishnaite groups (the Bhagavad Gita has been recently translated and published in China) have appeared in many urban centres including Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Wuhan and Harbin. ", which has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith".[107]. [115] In order to address this terminological confusion, some Chinese intellectuals have proposed the legal recognition and management of the indigenous religion by the state and to adopt the label "Chinese native (or indigenous) religion" (民俗宗教 mínsú zōngjiào) or "Chinese ethnic religion" (民族宗教 mínzú zōngjiào),[116] or other names. [16], Ancient shamanism is especially connected to ancient Neolithic cultures such as the Hongshan culture. Accurate statistics on China's Muslim population are hard to find; various surveys found that they constitute 1–2% of the population of China, or between 10 and 20 million people.
[4] Many churches, temples and mosques were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, which also criminalized the possession of religious texts. [283], Other forms of revival are folk religious movements of salvation[284] with a Confucian focus, or Confucian churches, for example the Yidan xuetang (一耽学堂) of Beijing,[285] the Mengmutang (孟母堂) of Shanghai,[286] Confucian Shenism (儒宗神教 Rúzōng Shénjiào) or the phoenix churches,[287] the Confucian Fellowship (儒教道坛 Rújiào Dàotán) of northern Fujian,[287] and ancestral temples of the Kong (Confucius') lineage operating as churches for Confucian teaching.[286]. Christianity has been practiced in Hong Kong since 1841. [192] A popular representation of Heaven is the Jade Deity (玉帝 Yùdì) or Jade Emperor (玉皇 Yùhuáng).
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. [195] A king is a man or an entity who is able to merge himself with the axis mundi, the centre of the universe, bringing its order into reality. Portrait of the Political Culture of China's Most Populated Province", "Study on Current Muslim Population in China", "The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China", "Internazional Religious Freedom Report 2012", "Study on the Protection of the Lama Temple Heritage in Inner Mongolia as a Cultural Landscape", "Swastika: The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras", "Folk Temples and the Chinese Religious Economy", "Crowdfunding and the Family Temple Economy", "Religion and Society. Chinese folk religious temples and kinship ancestral shrines may, on peculiar occasions, choose Confucian liturgy (called 儒 rú or 正统 zhèngtǒng, "orthoprax") led by Confucian ritual masters (礼生 lǐshēng) to worship the gods, instead of Taoist or popular ritual. The first spiritual leader of the Holy Church is the renowned scholar Jiang Qing, the founder and manager of the Yangming Confucian Abode (阳明精舍 Yángmíng jīngshě), a Confucian academy in Guiyang, Guizhou.
The above image shows projected possible alterations in the levels of faith adherence in the US. Its article 36 states that:[95][96]. Since the 1980s there has been an unprecedented development of Mongolian folk religion in Inner Mongolia, including böge, the cult of Genghis Khan and the Heaven in special temples (many of which built in a style resembling yurts),[342] and the cult of aobao as ancestral shrines. The wall is covered with all the names of the Mongol kins.
The Tang dynasty (618–907) prohibited Chinese people to profess Zoroastrianism, so it remained primarily a religion of foreign residents.
p. 34 of Wenzel-Teuber (2011): "The CSLS questioned people on popular religious beliefs and practices as well, and came to the following estimates (excluding those who identified themselves with an institutional religion).". He notices that these authors work in the wake of a "Western evangelical bias" reflected in the coverage carried forward by popular media, especially in the United States, which rely upon a "considerable romanticisation" of Chinese Christians. As you will see the pie chart only mentions percentages of the world’s population whose religiously related self-admission places them in each category. Although "spiritual practices" such as the Falun Gong were banned and practitioners have been persecuted since 1999, local authorities were likely to follow a hands-off policy towards other religions. Lingbao incorporated from Buddhism the ideas of "universal salvation" and ranked "heavens", and focused on communal rituals. Churches with their high steeples and foreigners' infrastructures, factories and mines were viewed as disrupting feng shui ("wind–water" cosmic balance) and caused "tremendous offense" to the Chinese. [278] This transformation of the self may be extended to the family and society to create a harmonious fiduciary community. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding,[358] and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. Page, R. C., McAuliffe, E., Weisis, J. F., Ugyan, J., Wright, L. S., & MacLachlan, M. (1997). It consists in the worship of the ngel zex, Bai word for "patrons" or "source lords", rendered as benzhu (本主) in Chinese. [17] The Flemish philosopher Ulrich Libbrecht traces the origins of some features of Taoism to what Jan Jakob Maria de Groot called "Wuism",[18] that is Chinese shamanism. Prior to the formation of Chinese civilisation and the spread of world religions in the region known today as East Asia (which includes the territorial boundaries of modern-day China), local tribes shared animistic, shamanic and totemic worldviews.
[147][148], Many scholars see "north Chinese religion" as distinct from practices in the south. Shangdi is identified with the dragon, symbol of the unlimited power (qi),[19] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[13] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper (or Great Chariot). This line of thought would have influenced all Chinese individual and collective-political mystical theories and practices thereafter. [318]:39–40, The propagation of Shin Buddhism in China has faced some critiques for cultural, historical and doctrinal reasons. A study done on Han Chinese households in 25 Han Chinese provinces in 2012 represented about 95% of the population of China. However, during the cultural revolution, Mao Zedong began the suppression of all religious organizations and practices in China. During Japanese rule also many Japanese new religions, or independent Shinto sects, proselytised in Manchuria establishing hundreds of congregations.
The admiral Zheng He led seven expeditions to the Indian Ocean. [102] New deities have emerged, including Chēshén (车神), the god protecting motor vehicles, and modern Chinese political leaders have been deified into the common Chinese pantheon. [79], In the 16th century, the Jesuit China missions played a significant role in opening dialogue between China and the West. China has up to 300 million religious believers, according to a 2007 government-sponsored survey on spirituality and religion in China. Small communities following the Theravada exist among minority ethnic groups who live in the southwestern provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi, bordering Myanmar, Thailand and Laos, but also some among the Li people of Hainan follow such tradition. Old Martial Art Strengthens Social Cohesion in Chinese Rural Areas", "Heaven, Earth, Sovereign, Ancestors, Masters: Some Remarks on the Politico-Religious in China Today", "Cultural Dynamics in China: Today and in 2020", "Antagonistic Discourses on Shamanic Folklore in Modern China", "Shamanistic Studies in China: A Preliminary Survey of the Last Decade", "The growth of a Taiwanese Buddhist association in China: Soft power and institutional learning", "Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century", "Even as International Pressure Mounts, China Ramps up Religious Persecution", "China cracks down on religion, crosses burned at Christian churches, Xi Jinping photos installed - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)", "Hong Kong Christians Draw New Scrutiny From Mainland", "Lord Krishna's popularity rising in Communist China", "Manichaean and (Nestorian) Christian Remains in Zayton (Quanzhou, South China)", "Map: These are the world's least religious countries", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188356.001.0001, "Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China", "Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties", "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China", "Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?
Some truly extra-ordinary wisdoms ~ a brief selection of “Central Spiritual Insights” gleaned from Christian sources closely followed by another brief selection of “Central Spiritual Insights” drawn from “non-Christian” Inter-Faith sources ~ are set out below, (to be again closely followed by what seems to be a comparable selection of “Central Poetry Insights”). Delegations from the Japanese Soka Gakkai and the Chinese government and intellectual class have made visits to each other, so that the society has been called an "intimate friend of the Chinese government". [344]:14 Qiang people believe in an overarching God, called Mubyasei ("God of Heaven"), which is related with the Chinese concept of Tian and clearly identified by the Qiang with the Taoist-originated Jade Deity. They are shamans who acquire their position through years of training with a teacher. Today, the Communist Party of China acknowledges five religions in the country. [20], The Zhou dynasty, which overthrew the Shang, was more rooted in an agricultural worldview, and they emphasised a more universal idea of Tian (天 "Heaven"). For several decades, the party acquiesced or even encouraged a religious revival.
[133], The China Family Panel Studies' findings for 2012 shew that Buddhists tended to be younger and better educated, while Christians were older and more likely to be illiterate. [208] The shén 神, as explained in the Shuowen Jiezi, "are the spirits of Heaven. Archeological remains of Hindu temples and typical Hindu icons have been found in coastal cities of China and in Dali, Yunnan. [385] In 1120, a rebellion led by Fang La was believed to have been caused by Manichaeans, and widespread crackdown of unauthorised religious assemblies took place. [379]:135 In the last decades there has been a growth of modern, transnational forms of Hinduism in China: Yogic ("Yoga" is rendered as 瑜伽 Yújiā, literally the "Jade Maiden"), Tantric,[86]:3 and Krishnaite groups (the Bhagavad Gita has been recently translated and published in China) have appeared in many urban centres including Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Wuhan and Harbin. ", which has involved "destroying crosses, burning bibles, shutting churches and ordering followers to sign papers renouncing their faith".[107]. [115] In order to address this terminological confusion, some Chinese intellectuals have proposed the legal recognition and management of the indigenous religion by the state and to adopt the label "Chinese native (or indigenous) religion" (民俗宗教 mínsú zōngjiào) or "Chinese ethnic religion" (民族宗教 mínzú zōngjiào),[116] or other names. [16], Ancient shamanism is especially connected to ancient Neolithic cultures such as the Hongshan culture. Accurate statistics on China's Muslim population are hard to find; various surveys found that they constitute 1–2% of the population of China, or between 10 and 20 million people.
[4] Many churches, temples and mosques were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, which also criminalized the possession of religious texts. [283], Other forms of revival are folk religious movements of salvation[284] with a Confucian focus, or Confucian churches, for example the Yidan xuetang (一耽学堂) of Beijing,[285] the Mengmutang (孟母堂) of Shanghai,[286] Confucian Shenism (儒宗神教 Rúzōng Shénjiào) or the phoenix churches,[287] the Confucian Fellowship (儒教道坛 Rújiào Dàotán) of northern Fujian,[287] and ancestral temples of the Kong (Confucius') lineage operating as churches for Confucian teaching.[286]. Christianity has been practiced in Hong Kong since 1841. [192] A popular representation of Heaven is the Jade Deity (玉帝 Yùdì) or Jade Emperor (玉皇 Yùhuáng).
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. [195] A king is a man or an entity who is able to merge himself with the axis mundi, the centre of the universe, bringing its order into reality. Portrait of the Political Culture of China's Most Populated Province", "Study on Current Muslim Population in China", "The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China", "Internazional Religious Freedom Report 2012", "Study on the Protection of the Lama Temple Heritage in Inner Mongolia as a Cultural Landscape", "Swastika: The Forgotten Constellation Representing the Chariot of Mithras", "Folk Temples and the Chinese Religious Economy", "Crowdfunding and the Family Temple Economy", "Religion and Society. Chinese folk religious temples and kinship ancestral shrines may, on peculiar occasions, choose Confucian liturgy (called 儒 rú or 正统 zhèngtǒng, "orthoprax") led by Confucian ritual masters (礼生 lǐshēng) to worship the gods, instead of Taoist or popular ritual. The first spiritual leader of the Holy Church is the renowned scholar Jiang Qing, the founder and manager of the Yangming Confucian Abode (阳明精舍 Yángmíng jīngshě), a Confucian academy in Guiyang, Guizhou.
The above image shows projected possible alterations in the levels of faith adherence in the US. Its article 36 states that:[95][96]. Since the 1980s there has been an unprecedented development of Mongolian folk religion in Inner Mongolia, including böge, the cult of Genghis Khan and the Heaven in special temples (many of which built in a style resembling yurts),[342] and the cult of aobao as ancestral shrines. The wall is covered with all the names of the Mongol kins.
The Tang dynasty (618–907) prohibited Chinese people to profess Zoroastrianism, so it remained primarily a religion of foreign residents.
p. 34 of Wenzel-Teuber (2011): "The CSLS questioned people on popular religious beliefs and practices as well, and came to the following estimates (excluding those who identified themselves with an institutional religion).". He notices that these authors work in the wake of a "Western evangelical bias" reflected in the coverage carried forward by popular media, especially in the United States, which rely upon a "considerable romanticisation" of Chinese Christians. As you will see the pie chart only mentions percentages of the world’s population whose religiously related self-admission places them in each category. Although "spiritual practices" such as the Falun Gong were banned and practitioners have been persecuted since 1999, local authorities were likely to follow a hands-off policy towards other religions. Lingbao incorporated from Buddhism the ideas of "universal salvation" and ranked "heavens", and focused on communal rituals. Churches with their high steeples and foreigners' infrastructures, factories and mines were viewed as disrupting feng shui ("wind–water" cosmic balance) and caused "tremendous offense" to the Chinese. [278] This transformation of the self may be extended to the family and society to create a harmonious fiduciary community. Missionaries worked to abolish practices such as foot binding,[358] and the unjust treatment of maidservants, as well as launching charitable work and distributing food to the poor. Page, R. C., McAuliffe, E., Weisis, J. F., Ugyan, J., Wright, L. S., & MacLachlan, M. (1997). It consists in the worship of the ngel zex, Bai word for "patrons" or "source lords", rendered as benzhu (本主) in Chinese. [17] The Flemish philosopher Ulrich Libbrecht traces the origins of some features of Taoism to what Jan Jakob Maria de Groot called "Wuism",[18] that is Chinese shamanism. Prior to the formation of Chinese civilisation and the spread of world religions in the region known today as East Asia (which includes the territorial boundaries of modern-day China), local tribes shared animistic, shamanic and totemic worldviews.
[147][148], Many scholars see "north Chinese religion" as distinct from practices in the south. Shangdi is identified with the dragon, symbol of the unlimited power (qi),[19] of the "protean" primordial power which embodies yin and yang in unity, associated to the constellation Draco which winds around the north ecliptic pole,[13] and slithers between the Little and Big Dipper (or Great Chariot). This line of thought would have influenced all Chinese individual and collective-political mystical theories and practices thereafter. [318]:39–40, The propagation of Shin Buddhism in China has faced some critiques for cultural, historical and doctrinal reasons. A study done on Han Chinese households in 25 Han Chinese provinces in 2012 represented about 95% of the population of China. However, during the cultural revolution, Mao Zedong began the suppression of all religious organizations and practices in China. During Japanese rule also many Japanese new religions, or independent Shinto sects, proselytised in Manchuria establishing hundreds of congregations.
The admiral Zheng He led seven expeditions to the Indian Ocean. [102] New deities have emerged, including Chēshén (车神), the god protecting motor vehicles, and modern Chinese political leaders have been deified into the common Chinese pantheon. [79], In the 16th century, the Jesuit China missions played a significant role in opening dialogue between China and the West. China has up to 300 million religious believers, according to a 2007 government-sponsored survey on spirituality and religion in China. Small communities following the Theravada exist among minority ethnic groups who live in the southwestern provinces of Yunnan and Guangxi, bordering Myanmar, Thailand and Laos, but also some among the Li people of Hainan follow such tradition. Old Martial Art Strengthens Social Cohesion in Chinese Rural Areas", "Heaven, Earth, Sovereign, Ancestors, Masters: Some Remarks on the Politico-Religious in China Today", "Cultural Dynamics in China: Today and in 2020", "Antagonistic Discourses on Shamanic Folklore in Modern China", "Shamanistic Studies in China: A Preliminary Survey of the Last Decade", "The growth of a Taiwanese Buddhist association in China: Soft power and institutional learning", "Research Review of Bai Esoteric Buddhist Azhali Religion Since the 20th Century", "Even as International Pressure Mounts, China Ramps up Religious Persecution", "China cracks down on religion, crosses burned at Christian churches, Xi Jinping photos installed - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)", "Hong Kong Christians Draw New Scrutiny From Mainland", "Lord Krishna's popularity rising in Communist China", "Manichaean and (Nestorian) Christian Remains in Zayton (Quanzhou, South China)", "Map: These are the world's least religious countries", 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195188356.001.0001, "Carrying the Confucian Torch to the Masses: The Challenge of Structuring the Confucian Revival in the People's Republic of China", "Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties", "Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China", "Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?
Some truly extra-ordinary wisdoms ~ a brief selection of “Central Spiritual Insights” gleaned from Christian sources closely followed by another brief selection of “Central Spiritual Insights” drawn from “non-Christian” Inter-Faith sources ~ are set out below, (to be again closely followed by what seems to be a comparable selection of “Central Poetry Insights”). Delegations from the Japanese Soka Gakkai and the Chinese government and intellectual class have made visits to each other, so that the society has been called an "intimate friend of the Chinese government". [344]:14 Qiang people believe in an overarching God, called Mubyasei ("God of Heaven"), which is related with the Chinese concept of Tian and clearly identified by the Qiang with the Taoist-originated Jade Deity. They are shamans who acquire their position through years of training with a teacher. Today, the Communist Party of China acknowledges five religions in the country. [20], The Zhou dynasty, which overthrew the Shang, was more rooted in an agricultural worldview, and they emphasised a more universal idea of Tian (天 "Heaven"). For several decades, the party acquiesced or even encouraged a religious revival.