Polityka przyjęć na uniwersytet stanowy naruszyła klauzulę równej ochrony zawartą w czternastej poprawce, ponieważ jej system rankingowy dawał automatyczny wzrost punktów wszystkim mniejszościom rasowym, zamiast dokonywać indywidualnych ustaleń. Sędziowie Stevens, Souter i Ginsburg wyrazili sprzeciw. v. BOLLINGER et al. The school admitted that its admission process favored certain minority groups, but argued that there was a compelling state interest to ensure a "critical mass" of students from minority groups.
02-516 Argued: April 1, 2003 Decided: June 23, 2003. They encourage parents to keep their children in low-performing segregated schools, and discourage students from taking challenging classes that might lower their grade point averages.
One in nine Latino students attend virtually all minority schools.).
of Cal. 4. ); Waidmann & Rajan, Race and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Access and Utilization: An Examination of State Variation, 57 Med. 10, 23 (1968) (Brown may be seen as disallowing racial classifications that impl[y] an invidious assessment while allowing such classifications when not invidious in implication but advanced to correct inequalities). 9. University of Michigan zastosował 150-punktową skalę do uszeregowania kandydatów, z 100 punktami potrzebnymi do zagwarantowania przyjęcia. 4 (Jan. 2003), http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/reseg03/AreWeLosingtheDream.pdf (all Internet materials as visited June 2, 2003, and available in Clerk of Courts case file), ([W]hites are the most segregated group in the nations public schools; they attend schools, on average, where eighty percent of the student body is white.); id., at 28 ([A]lmost three-fourths of black and Latino students attend schools that are predominantly minority .
To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race.
Moreover, because such plans link college admission to a single criterionhigh school class rankthey create perverse incentives.
Cf. to 12 Tex.
For the reasons stated, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court.
The racial and ethnic groups to which the College accords special consideration (African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native-Americans) historically have been relegated to inferior status by law and social practice; their members continue to experience class-based discrimination to this day, see supra, at 14. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated.
See, e.g., Statistical Abstract 140 (Table 211).
See Jefferson County, 372 F.2d, at 876 (The criterion is the relevancy of color to a legitimate governmental purpose.).
In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. But the Court once again maintains that the same standard of review controls judicial inspection of all official race classifications. Contemporary human rights documents draw just this line; they distinguish between policies of oppression and measures designed to accelerate de facto equality. Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger - Case Background. See, e.g., U.S. Dept.
Ante, at 21 (quoting Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200, 224 (1995); Richmond v. J. The University gave bonus points to applicants from one of three select racial minority groups (African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans) that were considered to be "underrepresented" on the campus. The petitioners, Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher, both white residents of Michigan, applied for admission to the University of Michigan's College of Literature, Scienc…
See Carter, When Victims Happen To Be Black, 97 Yale L. J. Sprawa została wniesiona do Sądu Okręgowego Stanów Zjednoczonych dla wschodniego okręgu Michigan przeciwko University of Michigan, College of LSA, James Duderstadt i Lee Bollinger.
But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. United States v. Jefferson County Bd. 6. Every applicant admitted under the current plan, petitioners do not here dispute, is qualified to attend the College. Zapis argumentów Sądu Najwyższego z 1 kwietnia 2003 r. licencji Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, Wyrok uproszczony przyznany częściowo powodom, 122. The petitioners in this case then asked the Court to grant certiorari, despite the lack of opinion from the lower court, to resolve the issue.
02–516. See, e.g., M. Turner et al., Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase I HDS 2000, pp.
See, e.g., U.S. Dept. and Rev. Id., at 111a. 2001) ([I]n studies that have sent matched pairs of minority and white applicants with apparently equal credentials to apply for jobs, whites routinely get more interviews and job offers than either black or Hispanic applicants.); M. Bertrand & S. Mullainathan, Are Emily and Brendan More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? See, e.g., U.S. Dept of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Poverty in the United States: 2000, p. 291 (2001) (Table A) (In 2000, 7.5% of non-Hispanic whites, 22.1% of African-Americans, 10.8% of Asian-Americans, and 21.2% of Hispanics were living in poverty); S. Staveteig & A. Wigton, Racial and Ethnic Disparities: Key Findings from the National Survey of Americas Families 1 (Urban Institute Report B5, 2000) (Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans each have poverty rates almost twice as high as Asians and almost three times as high as whites.). Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger - Case Background. See, e.g., Holzer, Career Advancement Prospects and Strategies for Low-Wage Minority Workers, in Low-Wage Workers in the New Economy 228 (R. Kazis & M. Miller eds. to Pet. This insistence on consistency, Adarand, 515 U.S., at 224, would be fitting were our Nation free of the vestiges of rank discrimination long reinforced by law, see id., at 274276, and n. 8 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
Liu, The Causation Fallacy: Bakke and the Basic Arithmetic of Selective Admissions, 100 Mich. L. Rev.
*.
GRATZ et al. 108a. 1251, 12761291 (1998). certiorari before judgment to the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit No.
Citation=123 S. Ct. 2411; 156 L. Ed. In turn, teachers recommendations may emphasize who a student is as much as what he or she has accomplished. Download.
of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002, p. 368 (2002) (Table 562) (hereinafter Statistical Abstract) (unemployment rate among whites was 3.7% in 1999, 3.5% in 2000, and 4.2% in 2001; during those years, the unemployment rate among African-Americans was 8.0%, 7.6%, and 8.7%, respectively; among Hispanics, 6.4%, 5.7%, and 6.6%).
of Ed., 476 U.S. 267, 316 (1986) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
Equal Protection and Affirmative Action – Essay by Warner Winborne, Ph.D. Download.
Ante, at 20; see Grutter v. Bollinger, post, at 1321.
The University of Michigan used a 150-point scale to rank applicants, with 100 points needed to guarantee admission. To pretend that the issue presented in [Regents of Univ. See, e.g., U.S. Dept. Q. 249, 273274 (1999) (Urban public schools are attended primarily by African-American and Hispanic students; students who attend such schools are disproportionately poor, score poorly on standardized tests, and are far more likely to drop out than students who attend nonurban schools.). Uniwersytet przyznał niedostatecznie reprezentowanym grupom etnicznym, w tym Afroamerykanom , Latynosom i rdzennym Amerykanom , automatyczną 20-punktową premię do ich wyniku, podczas gdy doskonały wynik SAT był wart 12 punktów.
55, 56 (2000) (On average, Latinos and African Americans have both worse health and worse access to effective health care than do non-Hispanic whites .). GRATZ et al. Nor has there been any demonstration that the Colleges program unduly constricts admissions opportunities for students who do not receive special consideration based on race. of Oral Arg.
Centrum Praw Indywidualnych skontaktowało się z Gratzem i Hamacherem , które w październiku 1997 r. Złożyło pozew w ich imieniu. 2. Following is the case brief for Gratz v. Bollinger, United States Supreme Court, (2003) Case summary for Gratz v. Bollinger: Two Caucasians challenged the University of Michigan’s admissions policy after being denied entry into the undergraduate program, claiming the procedure violated the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection clause. 8. See, e.g., Ayres, Further Evidence of Discrimination in New Car Negotiations and Estimates of its Cause, 94 Mich. L. Rev. See Grutter, post, at 1 (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (citing the United Nations-initiated Conventions on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). The mere assertion of a laudable governmental purpose, of course, should not immunize a race-conscious measure from careful judicial inspection.
11. * * I Ginsburg napisał, że „decydenci rządowi mogą właściwie rozróżniać między polityką wykluczenia i integracji… Działania mające na celu obciążenie grup, którym dawno odmówiono pełnego obywatelstwa, nie są rozsądnie zestawiane ze środkami podjętymi w celu przyśpieszenia dnia, w którym zakorzeniona dyskryminacja i jej skutki zostały wytępione. Contractors of America przeciwko Jacksonville , 508 US 656 (1993).
Download.
More than one in six black children attend a school that is 99100% minority .
Gratz złożył wniosek w 1995 r., Trzy lata przed przyjęciem systemu punktów przez Uniwersytet Michigan. One can reasonably anticipate, therefore, that colleges and universities will seek to maintain their minority enrollmentand the networks and opportunities thereby opened to minority graduateswhether or not they can do so in full candor through adoption of affirmative action plans of the kind here at issue. Without recourse to such plans, institutions of higher education may resort to camouflage. The case arose after a prospective student to the University of Michigan Law School alleged that she had been denied admission because the school gave certain minority groups a significantly greater chance of admission. Podobnie jak Grutter , sprawa została rozpatrzona w Sądzie Rejonowym, wniesiona do Szóstego Okręgowego Sądu Apelacyjnego i poproszona o przesłuchanie przed Sądem Najwyższym.
02-516 Argued: April 1, 2003 Decided: June 23, 2003. They encourage parents to keep their children in low-performing segregated schools, and discourage students from taking challenging classes that might lower their grade point averages.
One in nine Latino students attend virtually all minority schools.).
of Cal. 4. ); Waidmann & Rajan, Race and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care Access and Utilization: An Examination of State Variation, 57 Med. 10, 23 (1968) (Brown may be seen as disallowing racial classifications that impl[y] an invidious assessment while allowing such classifications when not invidious in implication but advanced to correct inequalities). 9. University of Michigan zastosował 150-punktową skalę do uszeregowania kandydatów, z 100 punktami potrzebnymi do zagwarantowania przyjęcia. 4 (Jan. 2003), http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/research/reseg03/AreWeLosingtheDream.pdf (all Internet materials as visited June 2, 2003, and available in Clerk of Courts case file), ([W]hites are the most segregated group in the nations public schools; they attend schools, on average, where eighty percent of the student body is white.); id., at 28 ([A]lmost three-fourths of black and Latino students attend schools that are predominantly minority .
To avoid conflict with the equal protection clause, a classification that denies a benefit, causes harm, or imposes a burden must not be based on race.
Moreover, because such plans link college admission to a single criterionhigh school class rankthey create perverse incentives.
Cf. to 12 Tex.
For the reasons stated, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court.
The racial and ethnic groups to which the College accords special consideration (African-Americans, Hispanics, and Native-Americans) historically have been relegated to inferior status by law and social practice; their members continue to experience class-based discrimination to this day, see supra, at 14. Actions designed to burden groups long denied full citizenship stature are not sensibly ranked with measures taken to hasten the day when entrenched discrimination and its after effects have been extirpated.
See, e.g., Statistical Abstract 140 (Table 211).
See Jefferson County, 372 F.2d, at 876 (The criterion is the relevancy of color to a legitimate governmental purpose.).
In implementing this equality instruction, as I see it, government decisionmakers may properly distinguish between policies of exclusion and inclusion. But the Court once again maintains that the same standard of review controls judicial inspection of all official race classifications. Contemporary human rights documents draw just this line; they distinguish between policies of oppression and measures designed to accelerate de facto equality. Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger - Case Background. See, e.g., U.S. Dept.
Ante, at 21 (quoting Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, 515 U.S. 200, 224 (1995); Richmond v. J. The University gave bonus points to applicants from one of three select racial minority groups (African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans) that were considered to be "underrepresented" on the campus. The petitioners, Jennifer Gratz and Patrick Hamacher, both white residents of Michigan, applied for admission to the University of Michigan's College of Literature, Scienc…
See Carter, When Victims Happen To Be Black, 97 Yale L. J. Sprawa została wniesiona do Sądu Okręgowego Stanów Zjednoczonych dla wschodniego okręgu Michigan przeciwko University of Michigan, College of LSA, James Duderstadt i Lee Bollinger.
But the Constitution is color conscious to prevent discrimination being perpetuated and to undo the effects of past discrimination. United States v. Jefferson County Bd. 6. Every applicant admitted under the current plan, petitioners do not here dispute, is qualified to attend the College. Zapis argumentów Sądu Najwyższego z 1 kwietnia 2003 r. licencji Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, Wyrok uproszczony przyznany częściowo powodom, 122. The petitioners in this case then asked the Court to grant certiorari, despite the lack of opinion from the lower court, to resolve the issue.
02–516. See, e.g., M. Turner et al., Discrimination in Metropolitan Housing Markets: National Results from Phase I HDS 2000, pp.
See, e.g., U.S. Dept. and Rev. Id., at 111a. 2001) ([I]n studies that have sent matched pairs of minority and white applicants with apparently equal credentials to apply for jobs, whites routinely get more interviews and job offers than either black or Hispanic applicants.); M. Bertrand & S. Mullainathan, Are Emily and Brendan More Employable than Lakisha and Jamal? See, e.g., U.S. Dept of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Poverty in the United States: 2000, p. 291 (2001) (Table A) (In 2000, 7.5% of non-Hispanic whites, 22.1% of African-Americans, 10.8% of Asian-Americans, and 21.2% of Hispanics were living in poverty); S. Staveteig & A. Wigton, Racial and Ethnic Disparities: Key Findings from the National Survey of Americas Families 1 (Urban Institute Report B5, 2000) (Blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans each have poverty rates almost twice as high as Asians and almost three times as high as whites.). Gratz v. Bollinger and Grutter v. Bollinger - Case Background. See, e.g., Holzer, Career Advancement Prospects and Strategies for Low-Wage Minority Workers, in Low-Wage Workers in the New Economy 228 (R. Kazis & M. Miller eds. to Pet. This insistence on consistency, Adarand, 515 U.S., at 224, would be fitting were our Nation free of the vestiges of rank discrimination long reinforced by law, see id., at 274276, and n. 8 (Ginsburg, J., dissenting).
Liu, The Causation Fallacy: Bakke and the Basic Arithmetic of Selective Admissions, 100 Mich. L. Rev.
*.
GRATZ et al. 108a. 1251, 12761291 (1998). certiorari before judgment to the united states court of appeals for the sixth circuit No.
Citation=123 S. Ct. 2411; 156 L. Ed. In turn, teachers recommendations may emphasize who a student is as much as what he or she has accomplished. Download.
of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2002, p. 368 (2002) (Table 562) (hereinafter Statistical Abstract) (unemployment rate among whites was 3.7% in 1999, 3.5% in 2000, and 4.2% in 2001; during those years, the unemployment rate among African-Americans was 8.0%, 7.6%, and 8.7%, respectively; among Hispanics, 6.4%, 5.7%, and 6.6%).
of Ed., 476 U.S. 267, 316 (1986) (Stevens, J., dissenting).
Equal Protection and Affirmative Action – Essay by Warner Winborne, Ph.D. Download.
Ante, at 20; see Grutter v. Bollinger, post, at 1321.
The University of Michigan used a 150-point scale to rank applicants, with 100 points needed to guarantee admission. To pretend that the issue presented in [Regents of Univ. See, e.g., U.S. Dept. Q. 249, 273274 (1999) (Urban public schools are attended primarily by African-American and Hispanic students; students who attend such schools are disproportionately poor, score poorly on standardized tests, and are far more likely to drop out than students who attend nonurban schools.). Uniwersytet przyznał niedostatecznie reprezentowanym grupom etnicznym, w tym Afroamerykanom , Latynosom i rdzennym Amerykanom , automatyczną 20-punktową premię do ich wyniku, podczas gdy doskonały wynik SAT był wart 12 punktów.
55, 56 (2000) (On average, Latinos and African Americans have both worse health and worse access to effective health care than do non-Hispanic whites .). GRATZ et al. Nor has there been any demonstration that the Colleges program unduly constricts admissions opportunities for students who do not receive special consideration based on race. of Oral Arg.
Centrum Praw Indywidualnych skontaktowało się z Gratzem i Hamacherem , które w październiku 1997 r. Złożyło pozew w ich imieniu. 2. Following is the case brief for Gratz v. Bollinger, United States Supreme Court, (2003) Case summary for Gratz v. Bollinger: Two Caucasians challenged the University of Michigan’s admissions policy after being denied entry into the undergraduate program, claiming the procedure violated the 14th Amendment’s Equal Protection clause. 8. See, e.g., Ayres, Further Evidence of Discrimination in New Car Negotiations and Estimates of its Cause, 94 Mich. L. Rev. See Grutter, post, at 1 (Ginsburg, J., concurring) (citing the United Nations-initiated Conventions on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women). The mere assertion of a laudable governmental purpose, of course, should not immunize a race-conscious measure from careful judicial inspection.
11. * * I Ginsburg napisał, że „decydenci rządowi mogą właściwie rozróżniać między polityką wykluczenia i integracji… Działania mające na celu obciążenie grup, którym dawno odmówiono pełnego obywatelstwa, nie są rozsądnie zestawiane ze środkami podjętymi w celu przyśpieszenia dnia, w którym zakorzeniona dyskryminacja i jej skutki zostały wytępione. Contractors of America przeciwko Jacksonville , 508 US 656 (1993).
Download.
More than one in six black children attend a school that is 99100% minority .
Gratz złożył wniosek w 1995 r., Trzy lata przed przyjęciem systemu punktów przez Uniwersytet Michigan. One can reasonably anticipate, therefore, that colleges and universities will seek to maintain their minority enrollmentand the networks and opportunities thereby opened to minority graduateswhether or not they can do so in full candor through adoption of affirmative action plans of the kind here at issue. Without recourse to such plans, institutions of higher education may resort to camouflage. The case arose after a prospective student to the University of Michigan Law School alleged that she had been denied admission because the school gave certain minority groups a significantly greater chance of admission. Podobnie jak Grutter , sprawa została rozpatrzona w Sądzie Rejonowym, wniesiona do Szóstego Okręgowego Sądu Apelacyjnego i poproszona o przesłuchanie przed Sądem Najwyższym.